What does the prefix 'dys-' imply?

The prefix 'dys-' signifies a state of difficulty or abnormality. It is commonly used in medical terminology to describe conditions or processes that are painful, difficult, or impaired. For example, the term 'dysfunction' refers to a disturbance in the function of a particular organ or system, indicating that it is not operating normally. Similarly, 'dysphagia' describes difficulty swallowing. This prefix conveys that there is some form of struggle or problem occurring, which aligns perfectly with the choice regarding pain and difficulty.

In contrast, the other options suggest different meanings: 'excessive or over' relates to an abundance or greater than normal condition; 'reduced or under' refers to a lesser amount or deficiency; and 'normal or healthy' implies a state of typical functioning or well-being. Each of these options indicates a different aspect of health or normality, which does not match the implication of the prefix 'dys-'.